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Item Jak obstojí cvičný současný meč z pružinové oceli č. 14260 proti kovářsky tvrzenému bronzovému meči?(Nakladatelství Jihočeské univerzity v Českých Budějovicích, 2023) Pavelka, Jaroslav
Item Vědecká pozorování pro žáky primárního a sekundárního vzdělávání(Prešovská univerzita v Prešove, 2024) Traxmandlová, Iva; Koutová, LindaDěti už od malička rády pozorují věci kolem sebe. Použitím mikroskopu ale najednou začínají vnímat věci kolem sebe jinak. Některé děti mají jednoduchý mikroskop doma, ale jinak je práce s mikroskopem součástí výuky až v 6. třídě. Nicméně ne všechny školy mají vhodné vybavení nebo dostatečné prostory. Proto v rámci přiblížení světa nejen pod mikroskopem nabízíme pro děti na CBG FPE ZČU Plzeň různá vědecká pozorování jako jsou Rostliny pod mikroskopem, Pozorování řas a sinic či Život v kapce vody, Rostlinná barviva, Tkáně, Písek pod binolupou a další. Mnohá z nich je možné absolvovat i v rámci Dětské univerzity, která na naší fakultě poběží už sedmým rokem. Každé pozorování je uzpůsobené věku žáků – vědeckých pozorování se účastní žáci primárního (většinou 3. až 5. třída) a sekundárního vzdělávání (2. stupeň ZŠ a SŠ), i když v každé skupině jsou různá úskalí – nedostatečná výška žáků 3. až 5. tříd (nejsou schopni pozorovat v mikroskopu vsedě), počet žáků ve třídě (optimální počet je 15 žáků, třída je většinou rozdělena na dvě poloviny, přičemž druhá skupina je ve virtuální třídě, kde mají přizpůsobený obsah věkové skupině), časové možnosti a další.Item Development of two Bohemian Forest glacial cirques based on their structural-geological conditions and morphology(2024) Duffek, Václav; Mentlík, PavelIn the Bohemian Forest, moraines were dated demonstrating glaciation in the Late Glacial. Evidence of older glaciations, which authors of numerous studies assume to have occurred, is lacking. We suggest that the allometric development of the size and shape of glacial cirques may prove the occurrence of older glaciations. We conducted detailed field research at two glacial cirques. These cirques were classified as a slope cirque and a schrundline cirque according to their shape, with different degrees of development. Structural-geological conditions are essential for the shape and development of cirques. Considering the allometric development of cirques, the investigated cirques must have developed over a period of at least 300 ka and, thus, during more than one glacial cycle.
Item Does Reproductive Success in Orchids Affect the Evolution of Their Number of Flowers?(2025) Traxmandlová, Iva; Steffelová, Michaela; Kindlmann, PavelSpecies are disappearing worldwide, and changes in climate and land use are commonly assumed to be the most important causes. Organisms are counteracting the negative effects of environmental factors on their survival by evolving various defence strategies, which positively affect their fitness. Here, the question addressed is: can evolution shape these defence strategies so that they positively affect the fitness of an organism? This question is complex and depends on the taxa and environmental factors. Therefore, here, only a special case of this question is studied in deceptive species of orchids: reproductive success (RS, ratio of the number of fruits to the number of flowers produced by a plant during the whole season), a commonly used measure of fitness is used to develop a model describing how RS affects the number of flowers, n, of a plant. This model predicts that: (i) the resulting relationship between RS and n is a positively skewed parabola, (ii) the distribution of the numbers of individuals with a specific number (n) of flowers, NI(n), also resembles a parabola and is also positively skewed, and that (iii) the peak of the distribution of NI is to the left of the peak of RS. A large set of data is presented that supports these predictions. If the data set is small, the concave positively skewed parabolic RS–n dependence is obscured by other factors.Item Inovace mikroskopického cvičení na základní škole: Využití mobilního telefonu a běžných pokojových rostlin(2024) Koutová, Linda; Traxmandlová, IvaPři běžných mikroskopických cvičeních z botaniky bývají nejčastějšími pozorovanými objekty buňky suknice cibule (Alium cepa), pokožkové (epidermální) buňky muškátu (Pelargonium) a chlupy (trichomy) voděnky (Tradescantia). I jiné rostliny však poskytují materiál vhodný pro výuku. Vybrali jsme některé běžně pěstované druhy pokojových rostlin a vyzkoušeli, co se dá pozorovat na jejich povrchu i uvnitř. Pro dokumentaci pozorování jsme použili mobilní telefon jako dostupný fotografický přístroj, kterým se dají pořídit rychle, snadno a v dnešní dobře i značně kvalitně snímky, které mohou pomoci studentům vybavit si detailněji pozorované objekty, které během praktik obvykle zakreslují.Item The brachiopod faunas from the Fezouata Shale (Lower Ordovician; Tremadocian–Floian) of the Zagora area, Anti-Atlas, Morocco: evidence for a biodiversity hub in Gondwana(2024) Candela, Yves; Harper, David A. T.; Mergl, MichalSince the early 2000s, the discovery of fossils and their collection from the Fezouata Shale has accelerated; enabling us to understand the faunas more thoroughly. The brachiopod fauna has not been investigated for the past 50 years, and we present here the results of our recent studies. From the material (c. 350 samples), 30 species were identified and assigned to 23 genera. Among these, one new genus (Tinzoulinorthis) and four new species (Wosekella maghribi, Rafanoglossa inversa, Orbithele tazagurta, Lacunites punctum) are erected; one taxon is recognized at the family level. The fauna described from the upper Tremadocian horizons is more diverse than those in the Floian. The former is characterized by a high c-diversity, although at the horizon level the a-diversity is low to medium. This fauna is typical of high-energy, shallow-water, unstable environmental conditions, in which long-lived communities were prevented from developing into climax communities, and the succession of opportunists were regularly smothered in situ and killed by storm deposits. Multivariate analyses of the faunas indicate that the Tremadocian fauna, characterized by many endemic taxa, has closer affinities with faunas from peri-Gondwanan terranes, in particular Bohemia. The Tremadocian Fezouata fauna is very rich in taxon first occurrences, which, coupled with a high c-diversity, suggest that it may have been a diversity hub. In contrast, the Floian Fezouata fauna not only shows stronger connections with Bohemia and the Montagne Noire, it also has links with the South Urals and Baltica, reflecting the changing Early Ordovician palaeogeography.Item Morphology of glacial accumulation landforms in two Bohemian Forest cirques(2023) Duffek, Václav; Vočadlová, Klára; Mentlík, PavelMorphological phases of moraines from north-oriented valleys are known in the Bohemian Forest. Detailed data from south-oriented valleys are still missing. This paper presents morphological phases of moraines from two valleys. Glacial landforms were defined by an accurate digital elevation model (DEM) and verified by field mapping. The extent and internal structure of the selected glacial landforms were refined by geophysical profiling. We have described 8 morphological phases of moraines in the Großer Schwarzbach cirque locality (south orientation) and 4 morphological phases of moraines in the Kleiner Rachelbach cirque locality (north orientation). In the north-oriented valley, the number of morphological phases of moraines corresponds to other north-oriented sites in the Bohemian Forest. In the south-oriented valley, the number of morphological phases of moraines exceeds the number of morphological phases of moraines in the north-oriented sites in the Bohemian Forest.Item New records of Pseudomerulius montanus (Basidiomycota, Boletales) in Czechia and Slovakia(2024) Kout, Jiří; Martínek, Ondřej; Holec, Jan; Zíbarová, LucieThis article presents the first records of Pseudomerulius montanus in the Czech Republic andSlovakia. The species was found at colder localities in unmanaged forests. Basidiomata of Pseudomerulius montanus were found on dead wood of pine and spruce. Descriptions of its microscopicand macroscopic features are provided as well as a list of localities and notes on its ecology. Photographs of the macroscopic and microscopic features are included and differences from similar species are discussed.Item An epigenetic change in a moth is generated by temperature and transmitted to many subsequent generations mediated by RNA(2024) Pavelka, Jaroslav; Poláková, Simona; Pavelková, Věra; Galeta, PatrikEpigenetic changes in sexually reproducing animals may be transmitted usually only through a few generations. Here we discovered a case where epigenetic change lasts 40 generations. This epigenetic phenomenon occurs in the short antennae (sa) mutation of the flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella). We demonstrate that is probably determined by a small RNA (e.g., piRNA, miRNA, tsRNA) and transmitted in this way to subsequent generations through the male and female gametes. The observed epigenetic change cancels sa mutation and creates a wild phenotype (a moth that appears to have no mutation). It persists for many generations (40 recorded). This epigenetic transgenerational effect (suppression homozygous mutation for short antennae) in the flour moth is induced by changes during ontogenetic development, such as increased temperature on pupae development, food, different salts in food, or injection of RNA from the sperm of already affected individuals into the eggs. The epigenetic effect may occasionally disappear in some individuals and/or progeny of a pair in the generation chain in which the effect transfers. We consider that the survival of RNA over many generations has adaptive consequences. It is mainly a response to environmental change that is transmitted to offspring via RNA. In this study, we test an interesting epigenetic effect with an unexpected length after 40 generations and test what is its cause. Such transfer of RNA to subsequent generations may have a greater evolutionary significance than previously thought. Based on some analogies, we also discuss of the connection with the SIR2 gene.Item On Neotropical Fuscoporia with strigose pileus surface: Redescription and phylogenetic study of Polyporus sarcites and a new species Fuscoporia dollingeri (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota)(2024) Bittencourt, Felipe; Costa-Rezende, Diogo Henrique; Kout, Jiří; Góes-Neto, Aristóteles; Vlasák, Josef; Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro RicardoSpecimens of poroid Hymenochaetaceae with uniquely strigose pileus surfaces were collected and studied morphologically and phylogenetically (using as markers ITS and nrLSU ribosomal DNA). Detailed morphological examination showed that the specimens belong to two distinct species of Fuscoporia. Fuscoporia sarcites comb. nov., which is proposed and recorded for the first time in Guatemala, Honduras, and Venezuela, and the newly described Fuscoporia dollingeri sp. nov., which was collected several times in Florida (USA). Morphological and ecological data of these species are compared to other similar species, and an identification key of Neotropical Fuscoporia is provided.Item Karyotype differentiation and male meiosis in European clades of the spider genus Pholcus (Araneae, Pholcidae)(2022) Král, Jiří; Herrera, Ivalú M. Ávila; Šťáhlavský, František; Sadílek, David; Pavelka, Jaroslav; Chatzaki, Maria; Huber, BernhardHaplogyne araneomorphs are a diverse spider clade. Their karyotypes are usually predominated by biarmed (i.e., metacentric and submetacentric) chromosomes and have a specific sex chromosome system, X1X2Y. These features are probably ancestral for haplogynes. Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) spread frequently from autosomes to sex chromosomes in these spiders. This study focuses on pholcids (Pholcidae), a highly diverse haplogyne family. Despite considerable recent progress in pholcid cytogenetics, knowledge on many clades remains insufficient including the most species-rich pholcid genus, Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805. To characterize the karyotype differentiation of Pholcus in Europe, we compared karyotypes, sex chromosomes, NORs, and male meiosis of seven species [P.alticeps Spassky, 1932; P.creticus Senglet, 1971; P.dentatus Wunderlich, 1995; P.fuerteventurensis Wunderlich, 1992; P.phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775); P.opilionoides (Schrank, 1781); P.silvai Wunderlich, 1995] representing the dominant species groups in this region. The species studied show several features ancestral for Pholcus, namely the 2n♂ = 25, the X1X2Y system, and a karyotype predominated by biarmed chromosomes. Most taxa have a large acrocentric NOR-bearing pair, which evolved from a biarmed pair by a pericentric inversion. In some lineages, the acrocentric pair reverted to biarmed. Closely related species often differ in the morphology of some chromosome pairs, probably resulting from pericentric inversions and/or translocations. Such rearrangements have been implicated in the formation of reproductive barriers. While the X1 and Y chromosomes retain their ancestral metacentric morphology, the X2 chromosome shows a derived (acrocentric or subtelocentric) morphology. Pairing of this element is usually modified during male meiosis. NOR patterns are very diverse. The ancestral karyotype of Pholcus contained five or six terminal NORs including three X chromosome-linked loci. The number of NORs has been frequently reduced during evolution. In the Macaronesian clade, there is only a single NOR-bearing pair. Sex chromosome-linked NORs are lost in Madeiran species and in P.creticus. Our study revealed two cytotypes in the synanthropic species P.phalangioides (Madeiran and Czech), which differ by their NOR pattern and chromosome morphology. In the Czech cytotype, the large acrocentric pair was transformed into a biarmed pair by pericentric inversion.Item Dva vzácné choroše přírodní památky Petrské údolí na západě Čech(2023) Brzica, Matěj; Kout, JiříDva vzácné choroše, Buglossoporus quercinus a Spongipellis pachyodon, byly zaznamenány v přírodní památce Petrské údolí v západních Čechách. Oba druhy se vyskytují v dubových lesích, převážně v chráněných oblastech a mají jen málo známých lokalit v západních Čechách. Jedná se o první záznam ukazující Petrské údolí jako hodnotnou lokalitu vzácných hub.Item Difficulties in determining distribution of population sizes within different orchid metapopulations(2023) Śvecová, Magdaléna; Štípková, Zuzana; Traxmandlová, Iva; Kindlmann, PavelThe main goal here is therefore empirical determination of actual distributions of population sizes in different metapopulations. We do it in four regions of the Czech Republic and for four species of orchids, considering the factors that influence it.Item Pollination strategies of deceptive orchids – A review(2023) Steffelová, Michaela; Traxmandlová, Iva; Štípková, Zuzana; Kindlmann, PavelThis article is intended for such non-specialist audience and includes a description of the main types of deceptive strategies used by orchids, as well as examples of the most typical species.Item Could long valley glaciers have been extended in the Bohemian Forest? Geophysical insights from Großer Rachel region(2023) Papež, Daniel; Duffek, Václav; Mentlík, Pavel; Tábořík, PetrThe Bohemian Forest was glaciated during Pleistocene cold periods. However, opinions on the extent of the glaciation of this mountain range are divided and vary throughout the scientific communities on either side of the Czech/German border. There is the hypothesis of a more extensive glaciation, which is to some extent supported on the Bavarian side, but Czech researchers rather incline to the existence of individual cirques or small valley glaciers. We present the results of geophysical analyses using electrical resistivity tomography carried out in the vicinity of Kleiner Rachelbach cirque. The aim was to examine the extent of the glacial sediments and thus, prove or disprove the hypothesis of a more extensive glaciation. We were seeking to find geophysical manifestations of the glacial sediments (determined on the basis of a literature review, the official geological map and our research) in a moraine complex and beyond it, where long valley glaciers are assumed to have extended. We observed such a manifestation only in the moraine complex. We can thus disprove the hypothesis of an extensive glaciation in the vicinity of Kleiner Rachelbach cirque.Item Origin of block accumulations based on the near-surface geophysics(2023) Duffek, Václav; Tábořík, Petr; Stacke, Václav; Mentlík, PavelUnderstanding the internal structure of specific landforms is a crucial prerequisite for determining their origin and evolution. Near-surface geophysics represents a non-invasive way of subsurface investigation, and it can be used to describe subsurface conditions, especially in protected areas. We tested possible hypotheses of block accumulations origin and evolution by four different geophysical methods (electrical resistivity tomography [ERT], shallow seismic refraction [SSR], ground penetrating radar [GPR], and electromagnetic induction [EMI]) in the Central European Uplands. At the same time, we evaluated the applicability of geophysical methods to determine the internal structure and thickness of block accumulations. Based on the application of two suitable methods (ERT and SSR), we (1) estimated the thicknesses of block accumulations, (2) partially described their internal structure, and (3) presented the most probable hypotheses of block accumulation origin and evolution in two investigated sites.Item Geophysical survey of glacial landscape in four Bohemian Forest cirques(2023) Duffek, Václav; Mentlík, PavelThis article addresses issues related to the geomorphology of previously glaciated areas of the Bohemian Forest, for which exact data have so far been lacking. This includes the development of cirque walls, the existence of glacial forms or sediments older than the Marine Isotope Stage 2 glaciation, the more precise differentiation of glacial sediment complexes, especially in front of the Bohemian Forest glacial lakes and the detection of an infilled lake as an important source of palaeoclimatic proxies. The importance of gravitational processes (e.g. rotational shear surface) for the morphology of the cirque wall above the Stará Jímka was proved. Probable older glacial sediments overlain by slope sediments were detected in front of Prášilské Lake. Geophysical research detected at least three probable glacial phases (stadials) in the glacial sediment complex in front of Laka lake. A potential infilled glacial lake was identified in the Großer Schwarzbach cirque on the Bavarian side of the Bohemian Forest. Although the findings do not provide clear evidence of the problems or their solutions, they provide indications confirming the data resulting from the geomorphological analysis. At the same time, they serve as a stimulus and guide for further research.
