Traseologická analýza sekery z lokality Nivy (okr. Karlovy Vary). Úloha experimentu při interpretaci pracovních stop

Show simple item record
dc.contributor.authorKrištuf, Petr
dc.contributor.authorPrekop, Filip
dc.date.accessioned2022-02-21T11:00:17Z
dc.date.available2022-02-21T11:00:17Z
dc.date.issued2020
dc.description.abstractOjedinělý nález mladobronzové sekery se středovými laloky u obce Nivy (okr. Karlovy Vary) poskytl možnost zkoumat účel tohoto artefaktu. Využita byla traseologická analýza, jejíž výsledky ukazují na použití sekery k povrchovému opracovávání dřeva či podobného materiálu. Důležitým aspektem interpretace stop po použití je experiment provedený s replikami bronzových seker, který poskytl sérii srovnávacích stop. Domníváme se, že sekera před tím, než byla deponována, sloužila k praktickému účelu. Zda se jedná o uložení záměrné, či například náhodnou ztrátu, není možné na základě nálezových okolností říci.cs
dc.description.abstract-translatedThe article is concerned with traseological analysis of a median­winged bronze axe dis­ covered in 2017 in the Nivy cadastre (region Karlovy Vary) by Mr Martin Gajdoš. It was found approximately 120 m north­west of a 486m bench mark. The find of an axe near village Nivy gives us another chance to study if the hoards from Late Bronze Age, of which axes are fairly common component (Kytlicová 2007; Chvojka – Jiráň – Metlička and col. 2017), contained used artifacts, as suggested by earlier analysis of an axe from the hoard in Hroznětín (region Karlovy Vary). Traseology of bronze axes is more or less out­ side the interest of archaeologists. The inter­ est in the area of traseology of bronze arti­ facts is concentrated mostly on weapons like swords, spears, daggers or shields (for exam­ ple Kristiansesn 1984; 2002; Horn 2011; 2013; 2015; Molloy 2011; Uckelmann – Mödlinger (eds.) 2011; Uckelmann 2012). Within Bohemia we can practically talk about absence of works on this topic, within the international archaeology there are several minor studies (Kienlin – Otta­ way 1998; Roberts – Ottaway 2003). We decided to address the question if these axes are made especially as votive offerings or if they are placed in deposits as objects which had previously fulfilled a practical function. Although it is possible to perceive axes in the Bronze Age as weapons and probably served as ones (compare, for example Havlíková – Krištuf 2017), it is highly likely that their pri­ mary use was woodworking. Such activities leave traces which are possible to detect either macroscopically or mostly with microscopic analysis (Kienlin – Ottaway 1998). We presume that use of axe for woodworking will show primarily on the cutting edge with notches and scratches at right angle to the edge. These traces are caused by impacts and friction on the worked material (compare Roberts – Otta­ way 2003). If the edge was blunted and dam­ aged this way it would then be necessary to sharpen it. Traces of sharpening therefore would also be perceived as evidence of prac­ tical use. Absence of the above mentioned traces would then be evidence that the axe was not used for woodworking and was made only as an offering or was a newly made arte­ fact placed in the hoard without being used. Such artifacts could also have been intended for example for trade. The axe was handed over for traseological analysis immediately after recovery. It was not conserved before the analysis. The sur­ face was only cleaned with cotton wool and a wooden spatula after a several hours in a water bath. The axe was at first studied macroscopically. Then microscopically under optical microscopes with magnifications of from 20× to 200×. Concretely we used Nikon Eclipse LV150NL optical microscope with a polarising filter and Nikon SMZ 1500 ster­ eomicroscope. Experiment places key role in interpreting traces on the surface of the arte­ fact. Experimental production and especially use of artifacts brings important data which we can compare to traces discovered during analysis. At the moment there are no relia­ ble data for bronze axes available. Therefore we used for interpretation results of exist­ ing traseological analyses and also the first data from the current experiment with use of bronze axes carried by the author of the arti­ cle together with colleagues from the Depart­ ment of Archaeology of University of West Bohemia in Pilsen. On the surface of the studied axe it was pos­ sible to distinguish relatively large amount of traces, both macro and microscopically. There were traces on both sides of the cutting edge. Especially noticeable was that the area was covered by hundreds of scratches paral­ lel to the edge . Other traces were scratches at right angle to the edge. These were most­ ly longer scratches (up to 25 mm) of various width. They started from the edge where the above mentioned parallel scratches were con­ centrated and continued on the surface of the blade on both sides up to 30 mm away from the edge. Such scratches also appear at oblique angles to the edge. They are mostly in 15° to the perpendicular, on both sides. The third type of traces was a subgroup of the previous group. Again it concerns scratches at either right or mildly oblique angles to the edge, of similar dimensions to the previ­ ous case. The marked difference is a sudden ending, always away from the cutting edge of the axe. This ending is in most cases accom­ panied by pushed out metal to create a bank­ like protrusion at the end of the scratch. Tra­ ces of this type concentrate conspicuously in a distance of 25 to 35 mm from the cutting edge, on both sides of the axe. Apart from the cutting edge microscopically noticeable trac­ es appear also on the rest of the axe. These are mostly fine, long scratches. In the area of the wings or more accurately in between them were small flat areas of elongated len­ ticular shape. On the basis of experiment it was possible to connect most of the recorded traces with surface working of wood. As the cutting edge was damaged by corrosion it was not possi­ ble to see if there were any notches. The per­ pendicular scratches start immediately at the edge, these are probably remainders of cut­ ting. Similar scratches were also recorded during an experiment with a bronze replica. The direction of the scratches is given by the angle under which the cutting edge lands, which was again confirmed by experiment. It can differ according to the working habits of individual worker. At the same time the dif­ ferent angle of scratching can be caused by changes in gripping the axe or by different ac­ tivities (hewing, cutting). The sharply ended scratches are very interesting. Those on the studied axe concentrated in an area 25 to 35 mm from the cutting edge. Similar traces were recorded during the experimental use of an axe. These are caused by friction of the axe surface on a protrusion on the cut material, similar to other scratches. In this case though we see the place where the friction finished. These traces document how deep the cutting edge penetrated and they also show that the protrusions were cut off as there is no reverse trace which would be caused on withdrawal. The concentration of working traces on the blade near the cutting edge show that the strikes into the material carried out with this axe were not deep. Apart from these traces we recorded traces of sharpening. The sharp­ ening was done parallel to the cutting edge from both sides. An area of about 5 mm of the preserved cutting edge was sharpened. We presume that the median­winged axe found near the village of Nivy was used for surface dressing of wood or similar material, not for deep cuts or chopping wood. This ac­ tivity blunted the edge and the axe was re­ sharpened. While interpreting working tra­ ces we attempted to use data gained through experiment. Use of a bronze axe replica for gaining comparable working traces was ap­ plied for very first time in our archaeology. The initial results show the importance of such experiments for interpretation of results of traseological analysis.en
dc.format7 s.cs
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.citationKRIŠTUF, P. PREKOP, F. Traseologická analýza sekery z lokality Nivy (okr. Karlovy Vary). Úloha experimentu při interpretaci pracovních stop. Živá archeologie, 2020, roč. 22, č. zima, s. 3-9. ISSN: 1213-1628cs
dc.identifier.issn1213-1628
dc.identifier.obd43932922
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11025/46967
dc.language.isocscs
dc.project.IDSGS-2018-048/Výpovědní potenciál pracovních a výrobních stop na bronzových artefaktechcs
dc.publisherUniverzita Hradec Královécs
dc.relation.ispartofseriesŽivá archeologiecs
dc.rightsPlný text není přístupný.cs
dc.rights© Universita Hradec Královécs
dc.rights.accessclosedAccessen
dc.subject.translateduse-wear analysisen
dc.subject.translatedBronze Ageen
dc.subject.translatedaxeen
dc.subject.translatedexperimenten
dc.titleTraseologická analýza sekery z lokality Nivy (okr. Karlovy Vary). Úloha experimentu při interpretaci pracovních stopcs
dc.title.alternativeTraseological analysis of an axe from Nivy site (region Karlovy Vary) Traseological analysis of an axe from Nivy site (region Karlovy Vary)en
dc.typečlánekcs
dc.typearticleen
dc.type.statusPeer-revieweden
dc.type.versionpublishedVersionen

Files

Collections

OBD
 Articles (KAR)
 OPEN License Selector