Číslo 4 (2012)
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Item Individuace technikou(Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Pacvoň, MichalTechnology and its very quick development is one of the most striking aspects of the world we live in. This development is almost unanimously acclaimed as the base for our societies and its prosperity; on the other hand the same technological development is widely criticized by many influent philosophers (Heidegger, Virilio, Habermas, Stiegler, Ortega y Gasset etc). The article explores the relation between the technological development and man, more particularly relation among the biological part of human being, the human body, the psychological and collective individuation and the technology. Technology can’t be considered as independent from human being and its evolution – individuation and technological development are going together. Recent technologies affect deeply not only our body and behavior but also the patterns of thinking, communication and even perception. The article tries to explore the field around the question: do they represent a danger to our individuation?
Item Evoluční epistemologie Stephena Toulmina(Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Lukešová, AnnaWhen answering the question: “How does science really work?” Stephen Toulmin developed his own account of evolutionary epistemology. Evolutionary epistemology should be understood as naturalistic approach to the theory of knowledge which uses models and analogies derived from evolutionary biology. Toulmin states that at each stage there is a pool of competing intellectual variants and each generation selects some of them. The selected ones are incorporated into the science concerned and subsequently passed on to the next generation as integral part of the scientific tradition. Thus science develops as the outcome of a double process: innovation and selection. Given this evolutionary framework the author will look at the nature of intellectual evolution, changes and choices in science.Item Rozhovor s profesorem Pavlem Flossem(Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Makovský, JanItem Boží knihy, kniha přírody a věcný jazyk u J. A. Komenského(Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Pavlas, PetrThe treatise investigates the question of the metaphor of three God’s books in the pansophical writings of Czech philosopher John Amos Comenius. These books are: the book of nature, the book of mind and the book of Scripture. The main goals of the text are (I) to show the way of Comenius’ using of the metaphor of book of nature, (II) to place this metaphor into the context of early modern philosophy and (III) to introduce the authors that could influence Comenius in this respect. The secondary goal of the investigation is to acquaint readers with his conception of "lingua realis“ (the real language). This perfect language should – according to Comenius – express essences, relations and structure of things in the world.Item Monismus jako filosofické východisko(Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Janský, JanThe article is focused on presentation of main ideas inherent in the monistic philosophy of Rudolf Steiner formulated at the end of 19th century. At the core of his philosophy there is an introspective analysis of human thought activity, stressing its trans-subjective and transobjective character and a synthetic grasp of the relation and mutual overlap of concepts of "thinking" and "experience". On this basis Steiner sets forth to overcome common concepts of limitation of human knowledge by transforming the dualistic approach to world experience into a monistic view, which in thinking finds an element identically inherent in human mind and "outer" nature. Steiner’s conception of "monism of thought" is not only a specific epistemological starting point, but also a philosophical basis for contemplation on the relationship between the phenomena of world and man and their essences.Item Kant, Kuhn, Friedman a a priori(Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Podhajský, JiříRepresentatives of the first generation of philosophy (Russell, Carnap, Popper) focused mainly on science and methodology. With the next generation (Kuhn, Feyerabend, Lakatos) is gradually getting into the frame the history of science and its reflection. Older concepts of science and philosophy are becoming subjects of modern discussion. One of the themes of these discussions is the issue of Kant’s notion of a priori. Important is Kuhn’s notion of relative a priori and its later reception in the work of M. Friedman. This paper focuses on a brief description of changes in the understanding a priori from Kant, through Neo-Kantianism, Kuhn to Friedman.Item Emergentní evoluce a emergentní mysl(Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Květová, EliškaThe concept of emergence is generally described as a specific kind of dependency relationship between two levels of properties. The term emergence figures in a number of disciplines beyond its traditional area of the philosophy of mind, for instance in artificial intelligence, the leading discipline of cognitive sciences. The proposed contribution aims to highlight the fact that philosophy is not the only origin of the modern concept of emergence. There is also a biological motivation of the development of the theory of emergence and that is why British emergentism and Darwinism should be mentioned. Life as an emergent property of biological structures could be a source of artificial life conceptions in current artificial intelligence studies. Attention should be paid to the impact of a new description or new interpretation of nature and its development (the theory of evolution) on the interpretation of the mind phenomenon.Item Od stromu k labyrintu. Historické studie o znaku a interpretace(Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Klímová, PetraItem Vztah tvůrců Encyclopédie k Chambersovi a jeho Cyclopaedii(Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Klímová, PetraFrom the beginning of the early modern period encyclopaedias gradually began to be organized differently in terms of their contents and their arrangement. In the 18th century many encyclopedic works were created and their format was gradually changing. This article represents a brief glimpse at the issue of the birth and function of encyclopedic works in the way they were approached by Ephraim Chambers in the Cyclopaedia (1728) and Denis Diderot in the Encyclopédie (1751). On their opinions on ordering of knowledge we can trace the shift, which is reflected in the differences of their understanding of the organization of knowledge, in their motivation and other factors.Item Vědomí a úrovně vědomí. Dva rozdílné teoretické přístupy(Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Havlík, MarekThis paper deals with access to consciousness in two different fields. The first field is philosophy, as a hypothetical and theoretical discipline, trying to capture the theoretical questions about consciousness. Philosophical issues are related to intentional and phenomenal mental states, reductive ideas about consciousness and the possibility of the existence or emergence of consciousness in artificial intelligence. The second field is neurobiology that tries to access consciousness from a position of empirical science. It is important to have a common basic approach to consciousness but the central motivation of empirical sciences is finding objective measurable neurobiological correlates of consciousness. At the end this work is also trying to show that the results of empirical science can be used to solve philosophical problems.Item Temné stránky kosmologie(Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Havlík, VladimírThe present commonly adopted cosmological model reaches agreement between many fields of science only for the price of admission that we do not know 96% of the Universe. There is a hypothesis that this dark part of the Universe consists of dark matter and dark energy. From the point of view of the methodology of science it is remarkable situation on which is possible to demonstrate strategies of ad hoc modification of the theory which must face to anomalies. In this case I argue that it is special situation in the history of science not only for the length of time during which it is not decided between alternative ad hoc hypotheses (e.g. dark matter or MOND theory) but for the strong theoretical ties which hypothesis of dark matter created to the other fields of science. Unfortunately I conclude that famous conception of progress of science (Lakatos, Kuhn, Feyerabend) are not in the exact agreement with this special situation in recent scientific practice and I think that this could be a motive for the change or modification of these methodological conception, too.
