Revoluce v Itálii 1831 a rakouská vojenská intervence
Date issued
2018
Authors
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Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Katedra historie FF UP
Abstract
V období od konce napoleonských válek v roce 1815 do revolučního roku 1848 nedošlo v západní a střední Evropě k žádnému většímu vojenskému konfl iktu. Přesto bylo těchto více jak třicet let svědkem několika krizových situací, které byly hrozbou pro evropský mír. Jedním z takových okamžiků byla Červencová revoluce ve Francii roku 1830 a následná revoluční vlna postupující napříč Evropou, která se nevyhnula také Apeninskému poloostrovu. Na počátku února 1831 vypukly revoluce ve třech italských státech – ve vévodství Modenském, vévodství Parmském a v Papežském státě. Již v prvních dnech revoluce opustili habsburští panovníci ve vévodstvích ze strachu své trůny, stejně tak zanechali své úřady papežští zástupci v Legazioni, severních provinciích Papežského státu. Vytvořené revoluční vlády postupně převzaly kontrolu v obou vévodstvích a na téměř celém území Papežského státu s vyjímkou Říma a okolí. Během února byly ve všech třech středoitalských státech zavedeny administrativní a správní reformy, vláda v Bologni dokonce na přelomu února a března vyhlásila vznik nového státu s názvem Spojené italské provincie a vyhlásila ústavu. Jednotliví vládci nebyli schopni vyřešit nastalou situaci vlastními prostředky. Toho si byl vědom také Klemens Wenzel Lothar Nepomuk von Metternich, rakouský státní kancléř a ministr zahraničí. Ten nehodlal dopustit jakékoliv politické změny na poloostrově, které by ohrozily všeobecný mír v Evropě a dominanci Rakouského císařství na italském území. Proto již na počátku března byly na pochodu císařské oddíly vyslané z Lombardska-Benátska s cílem potlačit revoluce. Striktní dodržování principu neintervence, vyhlášeného vládou v Paříži v předchozím roce a převzatého povstaleckými vládami v Itálii, způsobilo fragmentaci revolučního hnutí a v konečném důsledku ho odsoudilo k zániku. Rakouská armáda bez větších potíží zasáhla ve všech třech státech a revoluční snahy tak překazila. Kapitulací revolucionářů v Anconě na konci března skončil krátký boj obyvatel států střední Itálie za liberálnější vládu. Skutečnost, že toto úsilí bylo zmařeno vojenským zásahem Rakouska, byla později využita italskými politiky a vlastenci s úmyslem eliminovat vliv Vídně na Apeninském poloostrově. Vliv evropských mocností totiž bránil vzniku jednotného italského národního státu.
There was not a major military conflict in the west and central Europe during the period between the Napoleonic wars and the year 1815 to the revolutionary year 1848. Nevertheless, during the given period existed several critical situations, which were an imminent threat to European peace. One of such situations was the July revolution in France in the year 1830 followed by the revolutionary wave coming through the whole of Europe, which did not miss the Italian peninsula as well. Revolutions sparked in three Italian states, in the Duchy of Modena, the Duchy of Parma and in the State of the Church, at the beginning of February 1831. The Habsburg rulers left their thrones scared in the duchies in the first days of the revolution. Similarly, the papal deputies left their positions in Legazioni, the northern provinces of the State of the Church. The created revolutionary governments gradually took over the control in both duchies and almost in the whole region of the State of the Church, except Rome and the imminent surroundings. During February, there were put into action administrative reforms in all three central Italian states. The government in Bologna even declared the constitution of a new state with a name of United Italian Provinces and declared a constitution at the turn of February and March. The individual rulers were not able to solve the situation with their own means. Klemens Wenzel Lothar Nepomuk von Metternich, Austrian state chancellor and the minister of foreign aff airs, was aware of the fact as well. He did not want to allow any political changes in the Italian peninsula, which would threaten the peace in Europe and the dominance of the Austrian empire in the Italian area. Th erefore, imperial military units from Lombardy-Venetia were sent to cease the revolution already at the beginning of March. The strictly kept principle of non-intervention declared by the government in Paris in the previous year which was taken over by the revolutionary government in Italy caused fragmentation of the revolutionary movement and it condemned it to the end in the end. Th e Austrian army therefore without any major struggle intervened in all three states and foiled the revolutionary efforts. The short fight for a liberational government of the inhabitants of the states of central Italy ended by the capitulation of the revolutionaries in Ancona at the end of March. The reality, that the struggle was put to rest by the Austrian intervention was later used by the Italian politicians and nationalists in order to eliminate the influence of Vienna in the Italian peninsula. The influence of European powers actually impeded with the origin of a united Italian national state.
There was not a major military conflict in the west and central Europe during the period between the Napoleonic wars and the year 1815 to the revolutionary year 1848. Nevertheless, during the given period existed several critical situations, which were an imminent threat to European peace. One of such situations was the July revolution in France in the year 1830 followed by the revolutionary wave coming through the whole of Europe, which did not miss the Italian peninsula as well. Revolutions sparked in three Italian states, in the Duchy of Modena, the Duchy of Parma and in the State of the Church, at the beginning of February 1831. The Habsburg rulers left their thrones scared in the duchies in the first days of the revolution. Similarly, the papal deputies left their positions in Legazioni, the northern provinces of the State of the Church. The created revolutionary governments gradually took over the control in both duchies and almost in the whole region of the State of the Church, except Rome and the imminent surroundings. During February, there were put into action administrative reforms in all three central Italian states. The government in Bologna even declared the constitution of a new state with a name of United Italian Provinces and declared a constitution at the turn of February and March. The individual rulers were not able to solve the situation with their own means. Klemens Wenzel Lothar Nepomuk von Metternich, Austrian state chancellor and the minister of foreign aff airs, was aware of the fact as well. He did not want to allow any political changes in the Italian peninsula, which would threaten the peace in Europe and the dominance of the Austrian empire in the Italian area. Th erefore, imperial military units from Lombardy-Venetia were sent to cease the revolution already at the beginning of March. The strictly kept principle of non-intervention declared by the government in Paris in the previous year which was taken over by the revolutionary government in Italy caused fragmentation of the revolutionary movement and it condemned it to the end in the end. Th e Austrian army therefore without any major struggle intervened in all three states and foiled the revolutionary efforts. The short fight for a liberational government of the inhabitants of the states of central Italy ended by the capitulation of the revolutionaries in Ancona at the end of March. The reality, that the struggle was put to rest by the Austrian intervention was later used by the Italian politicians and nationalists in order to eliminate the influence of Vienna in the Italian peninsula. The influence of European powers actually impeded with the origin of a united Italian national state.
Description
Subject(s)
Itálie, Papežský stát, Rakousko, revoluce, intervence, 1831, Risorgimento
Citation
MARTÍNEK, D. Revoluce v Itálii 1831 a rakouská vojenská intervence. Historica Olomucensia. Sborník prací historických, 2018, roč. 56, č. 2019, s. 111-134. ISSN 1803-9561.