Modnye i nemodnye slova v russkom jazyke

Abstract

Moda – javlenije social'noje i social'no-psichologičeskoje. V sferu jeje dejstvija vovlekajutsja samye raznye storony social'noj žizni čeloveka, jego rečevoje povedenije.V stat'je predstavlen opyt sistemnogo opisanija modnych i nemodnych slov v russkom jazyke. Materialom dlja nabljudenij poslužili sovremennye mediateksty.Rassmotreny parametry i sostav modnych slov, cikl ich dlitel'nosti, upotreblenije v raznych sferach i social'nych gruppach. Osnovnye parametry modnych slov – sovremennost', populjarnost', innovacija, uzual'nost', aksiologičeskaja ocenka, prestiž "ispol'zovatelja" jedinicy i dr. Modnoje slovo rasprostranjaetsja "sverchu vniz": "ispolniteli" podražajut lideram social'noj gruppy, regional'nye SMI – central'nym.V sostave modnych slov vydeljajutsja tri osnovnye gruppy jedinic: inojazyčnye zaimstvovanija, žargonnaja leksika i semantičeskije neologizmy, ne zafiksirovannye tolkovymi slovarjami. Suščestvujut obščeupotrebitel'nye modnye slova i modnye slova ograničennogo upotreblenija. K poslednim, naprimer, otnosjatsja slova, rasprostranennye v reči rossijskich činovnikov, russkojazyčnych pol'zovatelej interneta, "v produktovych magazinach" i t. d. Aktivnoje upotreblenije modnych slov sozdajet novye slovoobrazovatel'nye gnezda (chajp, chajpovo, chajpanut').Kak nemodnye nositeli jazyka vosprinimajut slova, kotorye perestali byt' "ključevymi slovami epochi" (Je.A. Zemskaja), utratili važnost' dlja obščestva v dannyj moment.

Fashion is a social and psychological phenomenon. The sphere of its action involves the most diverse aspects of the social life of a person, their speech behaviour.The article presents the experience of a systematic description of fashionable and unfashionable words in Russian. Modern media texts were used as the study material.The author considers the features and content of fashionable words, their duration cycle, their use in different spheres and social groups. The main features of fashionable words are novelty, popularity, innovation, usability, axiological value, the prestige of the unit’s "user" et al. A fashionable word spreads "from top to bottom": the "performers" imitate the leaders of a social group, the regional media imitate the central ones.Among fashionable words, one can distinguish three main unit groups: foreign borrowings, jargon vocabulary and semantical neologisms not recorded in explanatory dictionaries. There are common fashionable words and fashionable words of limited use. The latter ones, for example, include words common in the speech of Russian officials, Russian-speaking Internet users, "in grocery shops" etc. Active use of fashionable words creates new word-building nests (hype as a noun, an adjective and a verb).Native speakers perceive words that stopped being "the key words of the era" (Ye.A. Zemskaya) and lost heir importance for society at the moment as unfashionable.