The family enviroment of a child with ADHD

Abstract

Raising a child with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) represents a long-term and complex burden for families, significantly affecting parental mental health, family functioning, and daily parent–child interactions. The aim of this review article is to summarize current research findings on the family environment of children with ADHD, with a particular focus on parenting stress, parental mental health, and quality of life. The paper draws on recent quantitative and qualitative studies conducted across diverse cultural contexts and examines both riskand protective factors related to parents and the broader social environment. Special attention is paid to gender differences in caregiving burden, the impact of the COVID19 pandemic, and the role of socioeconomic conditions. Furthermore, the article reviews intervention approaches targeting parents and families, including mindfulnessbased programs, art therapy, family- and narrative-based interventions, group programs, and telehealth modalities. The reviewed evidence consistently indicates that targeted parental support is a crucial component of effective ADHD care and shouldbe an integral part of multidisciplinary intervention strategies