Číslo 3 (2010)
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Item Vchynicko-Tetovský plavební kanál: Příspěvek ke studiu industriální krajiny(AntropoWeb, 2010) Blažková, TerezaThis paper was written to contribute to study of the post-medieval cultural landscape, especially the industrial landscape. It observes changes of landscape and settlement, which were affected by industrial activities in the middle of Šumava Mountain region. The reason why the landscape pattern has changed were industrial activities and also fabrication of Vchynicko-tetovský floating channel at the turn of the 18th and 19th century. Forests in this region were previously used mainly by glass and iron works, but the industrial activities and settlement culminated in the exploitation of the forests just because of oportunity of the wood floating. Formating and function of the channel was business intention of prince Schwarzenberg, who could due to floating of Vydra river and then other two rivers called Otava and Vltava fill the gap in the market with firewood in Prague. The landscape was already in the first decennium of the 19th century reformated negatively, namely in forest crops. The number of colonies of woodworkers increased. The problems came in 1870´s with windbreake and bark beetle calamities. Crisis and termination of the wood floating in the region came on the first half of 20th century in connection with world war and political changes. But the landscape and settlement experienced changes in folowing years of comunism as well. Next break came with the breakdown of iron curtain. The lanscape started to be perceived in another way, which was connected with nature protection and turism.
Item Identita(y) obyvatel tádžického Pamíru(AntropoWeb, 2010) Retka, TomášThe aim of the text is to point out to the concept of identity (eventually identities) of the inhabitants of Tajik part of the Pamir – so-called Pamirs. The author acquired the data mentioned in the text during his fieldwork in the Republic of Tajikistan in the year 2006. The data and the working conclusions were elaborate in author´s diploma thesis. The author poses himself a question about the essence of identity (or identities) of the Tajik Pamirs. To find the answer to such a question he uses a theoretical concept base on the assumption, that the principal feature of any identity is contrast, dissimilarity or divergence to the Others (so to the non-members of the group) (Bauman 1996, Eriksen 2007). Tajik Pamirs differentiate from the other inhabitants of the Republic of Tajikistan mostly by their language, religion and in some aspects also by material culture. We can understand those three aspects as main sources of so-called Pamir´s identity. The belonging to the group so-called Pamirs is then demonstrated mainly in a symbolical level through stereotypes. The author point out to a multi-level essence of the phenomenon of defining oneself towards the other. It is possible to understand such defining not only as a certain manifestation of the identity, but in certain circumstances also as the source of the identity. The article is concerned on a description of the main sources of the Pamir´s identity and on an analysis of the ways, how this phenomenon can be manifested in the different social contexts. The author points out that there are also other aspects of the problematic of the Pamir´s identity (or partial identities) that need to be put through the further intensive fieldwork in the locality. So, in up to date state of the research the aim of the text is not to make up generalisations or social theories, but to offer the approach how can be delt with this problematic. The author presupposes another fieldwork in this locality that could help to find the answer to the new questions that appeared during the work on the topic.Item Pamírský dům v Badachšánu(AntropoWeb, 2010) Dušek, LiborThe theme of the work is the phenomen of traditional Pamiri architecture, Pamiri house as such, in which, until nowdays the Pamiris live. This house tells a lot about material and spiritual culture, religion and history of the people living in the rough mountain environment of Gorno Badakhshan Autonomous Province. The symbolism of the traditional Pamiri house relates to the ismáʿílic religion (one of the forms of the shiʿa islam) in which the Pamiris believe in. The work also describes and analyses the relationship between Pamiris and their own traditions, history, religion and culture. The base of the work lies in the field research of the author. He travelled and investigated through Gorno Badakhshan between August and October 2006 and September and October 2008.Item Problematika nucené migrace z antropologické perspektivy: Vnitřní vysídlení v Ázerbájdžánu(AntropoWeb, 2010) Masníková, HelenaForced migration is not a phenomenon of the modern times but due to the statistical data we could imagine giant extent of such movements. There are 43,3 millions forced migrants all over the world according to the 2009 UNHCR annual report. The amount of people like that and their difficult living conditions is matter why not only humanitarian workers should concern this topic but also anthropologists. As social scientists with specific theoretical and methodological background we could bring different insight contributing to multidisciplinary discussion. Our research could shed light on social processes within the forced migration and conduce to more sensitive and effective projects. The aim of this paper is demonstrate what kind of antropological field par excellence the topic of forced migration is. It will be illustrated on an example of internally displaced persons (IDP) in Azerbaijan. I did my research there within a community of IDP in a village called Hajikend, where 550 displaced families have found their shelter after being displaced by Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in 1992-1994. Sojourn in this locality inspired me in creating concepts for further research. Two of them I will introduce in this paper: Functional-environmental changes in Hajikend and Constructing of ethnicity among internally displaced children.Item Ta naše písnička irská. Kontext živé produkce irské tradiční hudby na území České republiky(AntropoWeb, 2010) Vališ, DanielThis paper deals with the live performance of Irish traditional music in the Czech Republic. Using Bourdieu’s notion of "field" it analyses social interactions which mould the dispositions of individual musicians – determining their style of playing, the way they think about the music and the types of venues they tend to prefer. The article closes with the author´s brief deliberation on the possibility of applying the same theoretic framework to reflect his own position as a researcher of this topic, namely that of an "insider".Item „Mně bylo osmnáct let a vdávala jsem se z čistý lásky.“ Vývoj svatebního obřadu v komunistickém Československu(AntropoWeb, 2010) Balvínová, Lenka; Kryšpínová, TerezaForty years of communist leadership changed a lot of aspects of everyday living in Czechoslovakia. These changes intervened also to all rites of passage, including wedding. The new regime tried to suit traditional wedding and wedding habits to its conception. This new type of wedding should be simple, unified, civil and ideological. For example, a couple could not lawfully wed in a church anymore. For some time, brides also stopped wearing white wedding gown and replaced it by an ordinary dress. But there were many differences between state conception and reality. We want to show a real shape of getting married in communist Czechoslovakia, and therefore we used oral history and visual analysis of wedding photos. At first, we describe three similarities of marriages in socialism: hard-time in hunting for wedding dress, bouquet etc., very young marrying age and frequent pregnancy of bride in time of wedding. At second, we present two examples of evolution of wedding in the period 1948–1989. First example is development of wedding gown, influenced not only by fashion but also by political situation. Second example is a trend to close wedding in a family circle. In our opinion, this trend is the most important heritage of socialistic impression to wedding. The first day of marriage quit being public event and moved to living rooms.Item „Židé Afriky“ Vznik a současná podoba představy o židovském původu nigerijského etnika Igbo(AntropoWeb, 2010) Štěpánková, HanaMembers of the Igbo (sometimes also Ibo) ethnic group from the Southeast region of Nigeria very often consider themselves to be Jews. The article examines this phenomenon from a historical and anthropological perspective.The first part deals with how this notion came into being, considers the perceptions which preceded it and examines how ideologies added new meaning. It discusses slavery and colonialism on the one hand and abolitionism and decolonisation on the other.The second part focuses on the contemporary manifestation of this notion, i.e. on the Igbo belief in the Jewish origins of their own group, and suggests that this could be interpreted as a sign of Igbo nationalism. The implementation of national symbols is demonstrated on strategies which prove their Jewish origin. The examples are drawn from my own research among Igbos living in the Czech Republic as well as from Internet articles written by fellow Igbos in other countries.Item Orální historie ve výzkumu neoficiální hudební scény – punku a nové vlny – v 80. letech v ČSSR(AntropoWeb, 2010) Bárta, JanPaper presents the use of oral history methods to explore the unofficial music scene. The report present memories, confessions and social values of the young participants of punk and the new wave subculture in the Eighties in Czechoslovakia. Relates specifically to their unconventional aesthetic and musical expression. Emphasizes that this was a means self-development especially the young generation in the first half of the 80s years. It further describes elemental principles and basis of repressive measures applied by the state power against the unofficial music scene bands, evaluate the both movements in principal as apolitical and also prove the influence of the unofficial music scene on forming an opposition.Item Etnická a socio-profesná identita a konflikt (na príklade multietnického priestoru zaoceánskych lodí)(AntropoWeb, 2010) Krátká, ZuzanaIn my doctoral thesis I analyse way of life of crew members sharing the multiethnic territory of cruise ships. I tended to investigate this theme after I had experienced an extraordinary cooperation of people from all around the world on cruise ships. My goal is to sum up basic conditions which should be fulfilled in any multiethnic society to ensure that there would not be any conflicts between its habitants. According to my hypothesis there is a need of other than ethnical identity which could unify them on other than ethnical basis. In the territory of cruise ships it is socio-professional identity of „crew member“. From all factors in which we can observe socio-professional identity of crew members I attend communication and value system.Item O vojvodovských Bulharech(AntropoWeb, 2010) Jakoubek, MarekIn recent years, there was a great boom of publications on the village of Vojvodovo. Although there was a plenty of contributions on this topic in scholarly journals recently, there are still some blind spots that remain uncovered by the scholars. One of these are the Vojvodovo Bulgarians, who were – since the 1920s – the second most numerous (!) group of Vojvodovo inhabitants. It is them, the local Vojvodovo Bulgarians, the neighbors of the Vojvodovo Czechs, whose identities, changing in the course of time, we describe in this study.Item Migrace a etnokulturní procesy jako součást každodennosti bulharského venkova(AntropoWeb, 2010) Machová, BarboraThis paper deals with terms of everyday life or everyday culture. It focuses on migration and ethnocultural processes in south Bulgaria, as they are part of everyday life of people in the region. In a field research I made in south Bulgaria in 2008 I focused on two particular elements of villagers’ everyday life during 20th and 21 century. First, migration and its consequences, ethnocultural processes, second, changes in the everyday rhythm of work in local communities. Migration was widely extensive on the Balkans during the Ottoman period, the whole 20th century, as well as at the beginning of the 21th century. It is a “universal” social phenomenon which happens in certain regions within various circumstances, as it is influenced by a different political or economical situation. The term of everyday life can be specified from different points of view: as everydayness (in contrast to festivity), regularly repeated activity, „small“ history in contrast to „big“ historic events, or private life in contrast to social life. During the second half of the 20th century, „traditional“ categories in European ethnology, such as material, social and spiritual culture, were replaced by a new broad concept of everyday culture. By doing so, ethnology approached the holistic concept of anthropology. Despite the fact, ethnology classifies culture into categories such as occupation, household, family or personal values. Thus, the major change in the ethnological approach is that it pays more attention to everydayness nowadays. Therefore, it is not an easy task to investigate everydayness. For the purpose, ethnology usually uses the method of field research, participant observation is suitable to investigate immediate everydayness, structured and semi-structured interviews were used to study everyday culture in the 70s.Item Vztah spišských Romů k přírodě ve světle antropologických teorií(AntropoWeb, 2010) Pelikán, VojtěchThis article deals with relation between Romanies from Spiš and nature. It discusses its connections with their ethnic identity. It fits the topic in context of anthropological theories, which are completed with knowledge of psychologists and gypsy-focused historians. It argues with a shortcut of harmonious coexistence of Romanies and nature (“Myth of the ecologically noble savage”) and also with authors who deny them direct relationship with nature. Study finds theoretical background among five authors dealing with foreign gypsy groups from anthropological perspective. At the end text formulates two hypotheses: Romanies from Spiš have distinctive relationship with nature and their ethnicity can be view as both “non-Gorgio” and “non-natural”. The non-agrarian relationship to landscape (nature as environment) is more specific and is rather evolving contrary to majority; however, landscape in surroundings of settlements has strong spiritual tone and acts as a space of immediate interaction with supernatural. Dichotomy nature-culture (relationship to nature as a principle) is quite similar to other ethnic groups and to our non-modern history. Second hypothesis comes from studies upon relevant majority stereotypes of Gypsies. It says major look on Romanies is in many ways similar to our view of nature and also has very analogical evolution.Item Pochod živých. Odpověď na pochody smrti?(AntropoWeb, 2010) Tarant, ZbyněkThe so-called „March of the Living“ program is the largest holocaust memorial event in the world. The whole 10 to 14 days-long program, attended by thousands of participants, consists of visits to former Nazi extermination camps in Treblinka and Majdanek and culminates by 3km memorial march from Auschwitz to Birkenau. After a powerful ceremony in Birkenau, the participants continue their journey to Israel, where they take part in Yom ha-Zikaron remeberance (IDF fallen soldiers memorial day) and Yom ha-Atzma'ut (Israeli independence day) celebrations. The whole event, organized by the International March of the Living organization, founded in 1998 by Avraham Hirschson became an important event in the lives of Jewish youth to the extent, that it is sometimes compared to the famous „Bar Mitzvah“ ritual of transcendance. On the other hand, the program became subject of criticism and conthroversy. Author of this article took part in the event in 2008 and 2010. The following lines contain author's observations, interpretation of the relevant rituals and simple retrieval of contemporary Jewish discussion about the nature and meaning of the event itself. Could the March of the Living be „the“ adequate response to the Death-Marches?Item Výzkum lidové percepce problematiky zdravotnických poplatků(AntropoWeb, 2010) Trávníčková, ZuzanaThis work is focused on regulation fees in public health care in Czech republic, which were introduced on 1. 1. 2008. It is nowadays often speculated subject and people are still concerned with fees. We studied opinions about regulation fees on three sociodemografic groups – students, working people and pensioners. A requirement for members of these groups was to have their family practitioners in Pilsen-town. We especially focused on their knowledge of regulation fees, because of findings in our initial research that people often did not know, when the regulation fee is or is not to be paid. We eliminated health workers (i.e. doctors, nurses and pharmacists) from our research because we discovered a possibility of their affection due to their profit from regulation fees. We had 42 respondents – half of them were women and the rest of our research samples were men. We asked people about their source of information, and we asked for their opinion concerning groups of people, which should be relieved of their duty to pay regulation fees. Finally we asked them, if they agree or do not agree with paying regulation fees. We found out, that most of our respondents agree with any kind of fee, but they often talked about necessity of leaving some groups out of the fee system.Item Sociální reprezentace autismu jako antropologicky relevantní téma(AntropoWeb, 2010) Ćwierz, Filip; Sedláčková, DenisaIn our paper we are introducing social anthropological perspective on autism (autistic spectrum disorders), as the topic which is in line with the tradition of the social anthropology interested in the studies of subject formation in the societies of the so called West. In the centre of our interest stand representations of autism as representation of the subjects. Autism is the disorder which does not have any visible somatic displays. Autistic behavior could then be very easily exchanged for eccentricity, not willingness of the person to enter the social interaction or for the sign of the other mental disorder. We look on autism as an example of the discursive practice. This mean an interconnected ensemble of the representations and acting, which is bringing to live by subjects and also creates this subjects. We stand on the Michel Foucalt’s approach to study of the formation of subject in the Western Societies. By the discursive analysis of the of the Czech web sites dedicated to the autism we would like to describe which representation present contemporary science about autism, supporting organization through their practices and also parents of autistic children, or autistic people themselves. This pages create a field, where is possible to follow a discursive play between various truths about autism. This pages is trying to be a guide for creating and representing of specific subjectivity. This subjectivity is not coherent and one, but contains multiple contradictions, which lay autism on the scale from illness to the identity.Item Žena v tradičnej kultúre Slovenska: menštruácia, panenstvo, materstvo (so zameraním na nečistotu a tabu)(AntropoWeb, 2010) Beňová, KamilaThe main thematic line of the article is the topic of women in the traditional culture of Slovakia. The study provides a brief overview of issues in social status and roles of women in the context of economic and cultural development of Slovak traditional rural society. In the next phase draws attention to the three selected phenomena of a female life, closely associated with the biological characteristics of women: menstruation, virginity and motherhood. These three phenomena look as socio-cultural phenomena, focusing mainly on their reflection in the system of values and system of rituals in traditional culture. With the main focus, to highlight the aspect of pollution (uncleanness) and taboo, with these phenomena directly related. Final part of the study is based on defining the pollution and taboo as cultural universals and anthropological categories, and then attempts to link these approaches with those selected knowledge about traditional culture of Slovakia. The study tries to synthesize, to analyze and partly to reinterpret the “old” informations in new context by using theoretical anthropological concepts, for example classical approach 'sacred – profane’ (É. Durkheim), symbolical approach of ' purity and pollution ' (M. Douglas), the symbolism of right and left hand (R. Hertz), the concept of intermediarity (Sh. B. Ortner). This all with using a feminist perspective and suggestion on phenomenon of ambivalence related specifically with all aspects of studied topic.Item „Kulturní revitalizace“ v současném Baskicku(AntropoWeb, 2010) Chochola, MartinThe article attemts to make an initial insight into the problematic of language and cultural revitalization process which has been carried out since 1975 to presence. The history of Basque country with a special stress on the circumsatncies of the origin of modern basque nationalism are briefly sketched in the paper. Political, economic and social trends of the period mentioned above are also described, the questions of language revitalization, bilingvism and political consequences are emphasized. The article is based on the fieldresearch which has been carried out in Gipuzkoa (Basque Autonomy) in the february-june period in 2009. The article aslo concerns Navarra and French-Basque regions.Item Etnicita a jazyk (na príklade zmiešaných slovensko-britských rodín v Londýne)(AntropoWeb, 2010) Bacová, DagmarThe article deals with issue of ethnic identity of Slovak migrants – mothers in London living in the ethnically mixed partnerships / marriages, who bring up their children in a bilingual family environment. I try to uncover the internal mechanisms by which the mother identified with the category - Slovaks. On the basis of research the article shows, in what degree of intensity is used self-identification with ethnic group in everyday social interaction; in what situations - scenarios are relationships, life experiences and emotions interpreted in ethnic context. I address the issue, what views have Slovak migrants – mothers on the using of minority (Slovak) language. I want to refer to social factors that play a role in decision to apply the bilingual education of children in ethnically mixed families.Item Romantismus, osvícenství a fantastický hrdina(AntropoWeb, 2010) Balaš, NikolaThis article attempts to discover the roots of fantastic literature. In comparison with popular opinion of fantasy being a succesor of romanticism, this article shows that the popular opinion constitutes only half of the truth. Admittedly works of C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien or R. E. Howard share distinctive romantic elements – enmity toward modernity, longing for traditional society or love for the nature. Nevertheless there is a tangible evidence that fantasy as a literary, movie or video game genre has much in common with enlightenment world-view. Prime example of this influence is the archetype of fantastic hero. Usually individualistic in essence fantastic heroes confront their nefarious adversaries in order emerge victoriously in the end. With emphasis on autonomy and individual authenticity behaviour of those literary heroes therefore serves as a pattern for modern people to follow. Is fantasy genre either to be understood as a sort of escapist literature or as an user manual for living in modern world?Item Obraz druhého: příklady z francouzských dějin (kontext a proměny)(AntropoWeb, 2010) Sitek, PavelFollowing text deals with the problems of relationships between the French society and “the other”. The emphasis is put on the context and discourses of political elites during the 19th and 20th century that influenced the creations and the transformations of structured representations not only of “the other” but also of “itself”. “The other” was connected to different menaces and anxiety about “(national) identity”, with a cultural and social thread. In this article we propose three examples to demonstrate that perception of “the other” changes during the time in dependence on the context.
