Číslo 2 (2012)

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    Alena Feriancová, (Ne)jaderná bezpečnosť. Československo, Německo a úpravy medzinárodného systému v Európe 1922–1926
    (Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Novotný, Lukáš; Novotný, Lukáš; Clemens, Gabriele
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    George W. Bernard, Anne Boleyn. Fatal Attractions, New Haven, London 2011. 237 pages
    (Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Chlubna, Jan; Novotný, Lukáš; Clemens, Gabriele
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    „Eine alternativlose Zweckbeziehung?“ Großbritanniens Einsatz der WEU als Kriseninstrument im europäischen Integrationsprozess, 1963–1970
    (Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Herrmann, Arnd; Novotný, Lukáš; Clemens, Gabriele
    Ein Veto von Präsident de Gaulle führte im Januar 1963 zum Scheitern der ersten britischen EG-Beitrittsverhandlungen und stürzte die EG in eine Erweiterungskrise. Die EG-Staaten und Großbritannien beschlossen, den gegenseitigen multilateralen Kontakt mit Hilfe der WEU zu wahren. Von 1963 bis 1970 fanden in der WEU vierteljährliche Ministertreffen statt, auf denen die EG-Staaten und Großbritannien politische und wirtschaftliche Fragen berieten. Diese Zusatzfunktion der WEU endete 1970 mit der Aufnahme der zweiten britischen EG-Beitrittsverhandlungen. Dieser Aufsatz zeigt, in welcher Form Großbritannien die WEU für eigene europapolitische Ziele nutzte und wie es die Kontakte in der WEU beurteilte. Der Aufsatz legt dar, inwiefern Großbritannien die WEU einsetzte, um ein zweites EG-Beitrittsgesuchs vorzubereiten und europäische außenpolitische Kooperationsbemühungen zu beeinflussen.
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    Attempts to Form Antirevisionist Alliances inside the Axis: Croatian, Slovak and Romanian Collaboration against Hungary (1941–1943)
    (Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Tejchman, Miroslav; Novotný, Lukáš; Clemens, Gabriele
    The revisions of Hungarian boarders in the years 1939–1941 caused considerable dissatisfaction among the countries which had to cede considerable territories to the government in Budapest. Therefore these states (Rumania, Slovakia and Croatia) attempted to resurrect the idea of the Little Entente which sought to prevent Hungarian revisionism in the interwar era. However Budapest had German support – therefore the efforts of the countries to form some sort of anti-Hungarian block came to nothing.
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    Some Notes on the Failed Decolonization of Rwanda
    (Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Záhořík, Jan; Novotný, Lukáš; Clemens, Gabriele
    The study addresses some important issues concerning the decolonization of Rwanda as reflected mostly in Belgian archival documents. Its main aim is to analyze the polarizing ethno-political atmosphere which resulted from completely failed policy of “racial” division of natives in Rwanda into fixed categories of “Hutu” and “Tutsi”. It deals with the process of artificial ethnic categorization and its materialization in the political struggle in the last years of Belgian colonial rule which were, retrospectively, probably the most crucial and turbulent in Rwandan modern history, especially when it comes to the genocide in 1994. Proclamation of Rwandan independence in 1962, victory of the Hutu political parties in autumn of 1961, and ambivalent attitude of the Belgian administration toward increasing tensions presented the first major threat to the cohabitation of the Hutu and Tutsi in Rwanda, which still remains one of the most tangible examples of the negative effects of the European colonialism, and the quick, unprepared, chaotic, and desperately underestimated decolonization which, in many other cases, led to deep political crises in Africa.
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    On the Foreign Economic Relations of China in the Interwar Era
    (Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Skřïvan, Aleš Jr.; Novotný, Lukáš; Clemens, Gabriele
    The foreign trade did not play a very significant role in the Chinese economy during the last decades of Qing dynasty and it did not change very much after the fall of empire and the establishment of the new republic. From a fiscal point of view, the significance of foreign trade increased because of growing revenues of customs duties. However, the foreign trade’s influence on both the structure and performance of the national economy stayed marginal. As for the import of foreign capital, direct investments clearly prevailed before 1937. Chinese government bonds represented an interesting phenomenon and rather risky investment. They definitely became a heavy burden for the Chinese government due to the high interest it had to pay to the bond holders.
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    Great Britain and the Journey to the Rhineland Pact (July–August 1925). A Contribution to the Issue of Collective Security in the 1920s.
    (Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Novotný, Lukáš; Novotný, Lukáš; Clemens, Gabriele
    The study is primarily based on the analysis of unpublished British sources and deals with the analysis of the attitude of Great Britain towards the problem of the collective security during July-August 1925. The negotiations were not simple but in June 1925 Great Britain and France concurred with the treaty proposal that arrived in Berlin afterwards. On 20th July, Germany published its response to the French note of mid June 1925. After the situation became more complicated at the turn of July and August 1925, the French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand suggested he would come to London and speak directly with his British colleague. The situation thus reached the point when a meeting of the French and British foreign ministers was necessary, with both men talking about the text of the French response to the German note of 20th July 1925.
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    Die Handelsbeziehungen der Habsburger Monarchie mit Japan vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg
    (Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Skřivan, Aleš Sr.; Novotný, Lukáš; Clemens, Gabriele
    Author analyses in this study the character and the development of trade between Austria-Hungary and Japan before First World War. He pays attention to the beginning of mutual trade, to the trade conditions in Japan, to the development of maritime transportation to the Far Middle East and to the Japan's striving for revision of unequal treaties. The final part of the study summarizes the findings about the proper development of the trade.
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    The Attitude of the Entente Powers to Gyula Peidl’s Government in Hungary (August 1919) – in the Spirit of Distrust, Unwillingness and Information Disorientation
    (Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Tóth, Andrej; Novotný, Lukáš; Clemens, Gabriele
    On 1 August 1919, the “soviet” government of the Hungarian Republic of Councils was substituted by standard civic cabinet consisting of opposition trade union leaders (so called Gyula Peidl’s trade union cabinet) again. But its life was not long; it was in power only six days. The position of the cabinet was made difficult by the sluggishness of the Paris Peace Conference that did not want to recognize promptly the new Budapest Government and waited for its first steps. But the Entente Powers underestimated their ally, Rumania that made use of the chaotic situation in the country and occupied the capital of Hungary with its army during a few days, in spite of the disapproval of the Entente Powers of further military operations of the Rumanian units in Hungary after the fall of “Kun’s” regime. The insufficient foreign-political support of Peidl’s government, together with the chaotic internal situation in the country, multiplied with the military presence of the Rumanian army in the country, decapitated the post-soviet government finally on 6 August 1919.
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    The Characteristics of Mountain Architecture in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
    (Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Pilkhofer, Mónika; Novotný, Lukáš; Clemens, Gabriele
    Mountains principally serve as an ideal location for the construction of monuments, lookout towers, spas and health resorts. In this study, however, I am not going to expand on all these architectures, but limit my scope to the characteristics of mountain architecture typical in case of private buildings that functioned as resort houses or summer resorts. The Classicist villa type of the 1830s and 40s was succeeded by the Swiss jigsaw ornamented villas with timber gables and porticuses. The specific villa type developed from the wine press-houses in Pécs, after phylloxera had devastated viticulture on Mecsek hills. The city intruded to the territories of former vineyards of Sopron and Buda with villas bringing a healthier and more intimate housing environment. Mountain architecture had exceeded its former significance and gained style-forming role by the turn of the century. The attempt of Art Nouveau to renew architecture was related to the demand of creating the national style in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Artists representing the mentioned approach chose a mountainous region that was difficult to be reached and was isolated enough to conserve ancient national forms in architecture they believed to discover. Such regions were Zakopane in Galicia, Slovácko in Czech-Moravia and Kalotaszeg in Hungary. However, the attempt in styles by national romanticism at the turn of the century, mixing Finnish and English effects with forms of folk mountain architecture, was not apt enough to create a modern urban architecture.
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    The Question of Democracy between the Two World Wars: The Case of the Constitutional and Political Crisis of the Weimar Republic and the First Republic of Austria
    (Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Jeřábek, Martin; Novotný, Lukáš; Clemens, Gabriele
    The article compares the causes of the crisis in democracy in Austria and Germany between 1930 and 1934, focusing especially on the constitutional and political problems of both countries. The break with the parliamentary system led in Germany to the emergence of the Nazi regime after Hitler became Chancellor in January 1933 and in Austria to the outbreak of civil war on February 12, 1934 and the formation of the authoritarian regime (the ‘Estates state’) of Engelbert Dollfuss. Various factors caused the collapse of democracy in Weimar and the First Austrian Republic. Besides long-term processes such as economic instability and the Versailles system (which are not a part of this analysis), decisive mid-short-term factors behind the demise of democratic structures included the weakness of the constitutional system and the political culture. The article concentrates on the following factors analysed: anti-democratic parties (NSDAP) and groups that after 1918 had not completely lost their relative power (the military and industry in Germany; the high-ranking bureaucracy in Austria), and extraparliamentary groups such as the Freikorps and Heimwehr. The second part of the article analyses the role of conservative elites in the decisive transformation phase from democracy to dictatorship after 1930 in Germany (presidential regime) and in Austria during the Dollfuss period from 1932 to 1934.
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    John Eyre, the Morant Bay Rebellion in 1865, and the Racialisation of Western Political Thinking
    (Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Budil, Ivo; Novotný, Lukáš; Clemens, Gabriele
    The process of the racialisation of the Western political thinking and its expansion into the Western political thinking is analyzed in the context in the British colonial experience and the phenomenon of Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica in 1865. Jamaica – whose economy been based traditionally on sugar plantation – suffered by the decline of world prizes, abolition of slavery, and end of trade monopoly in the first decades of the nineteenth century. The British colony witnessed widespread poverty and deterioration of racial relationships. The methods used by Governor Edward John Eyre to suppress the revolt of local black populations in October 1865 compromised the image of Great Britain as “moral empire”, split the British public opinion and demonstrated visibly the crisis of the Western liberalism challenged by the political and social problems in the overseas.
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    The Young Turk Revolution and Austria-Hungary
    (Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, 2012) Kodet, Roman; Novotný, Lukáš; Clemens, Gabriele
    The Young Turk revolution changed considerably the position of the Great Powers in Istanbul. The unexpected turmoil in the Ottoman Empire caused considerable anxiety in the European capitals – especially in Vienna. From the point of view of Austria-Hungary it imperiled the occupation of the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Habsburg government. The change of the regime therefore compelled the foreign minister Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal to turn away from the traditional policy of maintaining status quo on the Balkans. However the Austro-Hungarian statesman viewed this situation as an opportunity to a rapprochement with Russia. At the end of summer 1908 he therefore started negotiations with his Russian counterpart Alexander Izvolsky concerning the status of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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