The Czech Defence outlook after the Russian invasion to Ukraine

Abstract

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has significantly transformed Czechia’s defence and security posture through threat perceptions focusing more on Russia and a greater emphasis on societal involvement in national defence. Before the invasion, the Czech Armed Forces faced substantialunderfunding, with defence spending at 1.39% of GDP in 2021, personnel shortages, outdated equipment, and a lack of strategic foresight. Since then, the Fiala government has turned national defence into a priority.• Since 2022 Czechia has developed a new security and defence strategy to tackle 21st century challenges. The country is procuring modern military assets, such as 5th eneration fighter jets, and has actively supported Ukraine’s defence, including through a special ammunition initiative.Recruitment has also intensified.• A primary concern is defence spending of at least 2% of GDP can be sustained. According to many, Czechia should eventually surpass the 2% benchmark to address complex threats effectively.Despite government pledges to meet this target, recent allocations raise doubts about NATO’s recognition of the spending as sufficient. • Manpower is another critical issue. The Czech Army aims to expand to 30,000 professional soldiers and 10,000 reservists by 2030, but recruitmentremains challenging. The decline in public connection to the military since the end of compulsory service in 2004 and perceptions of low salaries for lower-ranking soldiers hinderrecruitment. To overcome these obstacles, theCzech Army needs to improve strategiccommunication aimed at younger generations,highlighting the benefits of military service.