Overview of Technologies for Wearable Textile Antennas Realization Based on Hybrid Threads

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of fabrication technologies for wearable textile antennas based on hybrid conductive threads used during research at the University of West Bohemia. Emphasis is placed on comparing knitting, embroidery, and weaving in terms of flexibility, durability, integration potential, and suitability for specific wearable applications. The study also explores various interconnection technologies – including hot-bar welding, ultrasonic and thermo-compression bonding, and adhesive methods – that are critical for ensuring mechanical and electrical reliability. The integration of hybrid threads allows for the development of antennas that are lightweight, washable, and adaptable to body movements, making them suitable for applications in telemedicine, health monitoring, sports, and emergency services. The findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate materials and techniques to meet the functional and comfort requirements of modern e-textiles..